Human Cardiac and Respiratory Systems

As described in earlier posts smoking has a significant effect on several body systems. The major systems that are affected by smoking are t...

Smoking is directly related to coronary heart disease. The toxins in cigarette smoke cause plaques to form in the arteries which leads to at...

Diet, blood pressure, cholesterol and circulatory disease are all connected. A poor diet can lead to high cholesterol levels which increases...

Peripheral artery disease affects the arteies that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body. This condition causes the arteries to...

Ventilation rate is controlled by the medulla and the pons in the brain stem. The activity of this centre is stimulated by peripheral chemo...

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is measured in millilitres of blood per minute. In order to calcula...

The heart has a specialised natural pacemaker known as the sino -atrial (SA) node. The sino -atrial node is responsible for making the hear...